JC in UK 英倫生活記: Life in the UK Test -- 筆記, 心得 Part 13 古蹟和著名建築

古蹟和著名建築是相對容易的項目,
只要看過一次, 配上圖片及地圖, 一點也不困難

歷史古蹟

Which hill fort from the Iron Age can be seen in the county of Dorset? Maiden Castle

What county is ‘Maiden Castle’ in? Dorset

Dorset 位於英格蘭南部海岸, 以侏羅紀海岸而聞名，侏羅紀海岸是English Channel 上的一段長河，懸崖上有許多化石，岩層顯示出數百萬年的地質歷史。兩個突出的自然地標是古老的石拱 Durdle Door 和附近 Lulworth Cove 的層狀懸崖。 Poole, Weymouth 和Swanage 因其沙灘而廣受歡迎。

Maiden Castle 是歐洲最大的鐵器時代 (Iron Age) 山丘堡壘之一，佔地 47 英畝。 “Maiden”源自凱爾特語“Mai Dun”，意思是“大山”。它位於多塞特郡多切斯特以南僅 2 英里處。即使在 2000 多年之後，土方工程仍然是巨大的，一些城牆高達 6 米。

據說，Maiden Castle 的建造始於公元前 3000 年左右，並且發現了當時的燧石工具和其他物品。居住在那裡的石器時代晚期/青銅時代早期的人們建造了一條長約 545 米的巨大溝渠和堤岸。城堡右端有青銅時代的墓葬。

今天看到的山堡壘始建於公元前 450 至 300 年左右的鐵器時代，當時堡壘的面積擴大了，城牆和溝渠也擴大了。挖了三個溝渠，挖出的泥土用來建造城牆。沿著城牆建造了木柵欄，入口處有木門。入口沒有對齊，因此敵對勢力更難進入。

Where was one of the Anglo Saxon kings buried with treasure and armour? Suffolk

Sutton Hoo - Suffolk

Awe-inspiring Anglo-Saxon royal burial site

Suffolk 有展覽, 可以參觀在Anglo-Saxon 時期的皇室珍藏和盔甲

Burial mounds of Kings

There are around 18 burial mounds within the Royal Burial Ground at Sutton Hoo. Many have been so eroded over the centuries that it's hard to know exactly how many there were.

The burials date to the 7th century AD. The people buried here left no written records, so it's impossible to know exactly who they were, but historians strongly suspect that Sutton Hoo was the cemetery for the royal dynasty of East Anglia, the Wuffingas, who claimed descent from the god Woden.

Most of the mounds were robbed, largely in the Tudor period, and much of what was there was lost. Two mounds escaped this fate - the Great Ship Burial, or King's Mound One, and the Horseman's Mound.

https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/suffolk/sutton-hoo/main-exhibition-at-sutton-hoo

Which historical monument did William the Conqueror build? The White Tower in the Tower of London is an example of a Norman castle keep, built on the orders of William the Conqueror.

What is an example of the Middle Ages architecture? The White Tower in the Tower of London.

White Tower 是倫敦塔中央的一座塔樓，由征服者威廉 William the Conqueror 修建於1080年代早期，之後擴建。1066年，征服者威廉在這裡修建了一個木製的防衛設施，並在之後的十年開始改建為白塔。白塔的始建日期和修建耗時已不明確，傳統觀點認為開始於1078年。亨利三世在1240年下令將這座建築塗白。

單單White Tower 己有2條相關題目有機會出, 這種古蹟題, 略略看過便應該不會忘記

Which of the following is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a popular area for walkers? Hadrian’s Wall

中國有萬里長城, 英國也有類似的

Hadrian's Wall 是一條由石頭和泥土構成的橫斷大不列顛島的防禦工事，由羅馬帝國君主哈德良所興建。公元122年，哈德良為防禦北部皮克特人反攻，保護已控制的不列顛島的人民安全，開始在今英格蘭北面的邊界修築一系列防禦工事，後人稱為「哈德良長城」。哈德良長城的建立，標誌著羅馬帝國擴張的最北界。

Which TWO of the following castles are located in Scotland? Crathes Castle & Inveraray Castle

Crathes Castle, Aberdeen

Alexander Burnett built the Crathes Castle in the 16th century, an intricate maze of turrets, towers, oak panels and painted ceilings, many of which survive beautifully to this day. Inside you'll find a labyrinth of cultural history, from family portraits to fine antique furniture.

Inveraray Castle, Inveraray

Inveraray Castle is an 18th-century turreted castle, seat of the Clan Campbell and home to the Dukes of Argyll. On the shores of Loch Fyne and in the majestic West Highlands of Scotland with formal gardens famous for their rhododendrons and azaleas. Also recognised as Downton Abbey's 'Duneagle Castle'.

What is the name of the War Memorial located in Whitehall? Cenotaph Sir Edwin Lutyens was responsible for designing many war memorials throughout the world, including the Cenotaph in Whitehall.

Where is the Cenotaph located? Whitehall

Who designed the Cenotaph? Sir Edwin Lutyens

Cenotaph 衣冠塚主要是指只埋有死亡者的衣冠而無死亡者屍體的墳墓。修建衣冠塚一般情況為屍體無法尋回，或處於避免屍體被發掘破壞的紀念或掩護性質。

The Cenotaph in Whitehall is Britain's chief national war memorial to the dead of the First and Second World Wars and subsequent conflicts. Taking its name from the Greek words meaning 'empty tomb', it is the focus of national ceremonies of remembrance, held annually since 1919.

Sir Edwin Lutyens OM，KCIE，PRA，FRIBA，是一名20世紀英國建築師，曾任皇家藝術研究院院長。他被視為是英國最偉大的建築師之一。

Sir Edwin Lutyens, in full Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, (born March 29, 1869, London, England—died January 1, 1944, London), English architect noted for his versatility and range of invention along traditional lines. He is known especially for his planning of New Delhi and his design of the Viceroy's House there.

Where is Big Ben located? The Houses of the Parliament / Westminster, over 150 years

Big Ben 大笨鐘, 正式名稱 Elizabeth Tower，是一座位於英國倫敦 The Houses of the Parliament / Westminster 北端鐘樓與其內部的報時時鐘，大本鐘所在的塔樓的正式名稱原為鐘樓，2012年更名為伊莉莎白塔 Elizabeth Tower，以紀念伊莉莎白二世的鑽禧紀念。該鐘是英國最大的鐘，其建築1859年落成, 超過150年歷史，成為世界上最大、最準確的四面報時鐘之一。

What building was constructed in Hyde Park to hold the Great Exhibition of 1851? The Crystal Palace

The Crystal Palace 水晶宮是一個以鋼鐵為骨架、玻璃為主要建材的建築，位於海德公園內。是十九世紀的英國建築奇觀之一，也是工業革命時代的重要象徵物。

The Crystal Palace was a cast iron and plate glass structure, originally built in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851.

Who designed the Dumfries House in Scotland? Robert Adam In the 18th century, simpler designs became popular. The Scottish architect Robert Adam influenced the development of architecture in the UK, Europe and America. He designed the inside decoration as well as the building itself in great houses such as Dumfries House in Scotland. His ideas influenced architects in cities such as Bath, where the Royal Crescent was built.

Dumfries House is one of Britain's most beautiful stately homes. Set in 2,000 acres of land, this stunning estate and 18th-century house with its unrivalled collection of original furniture has something for everyone.

從 1760 年到 1993 年，Dumfries House 一直是家庭住宅，當時最後一位居住在此的主人，Lady Eileen, Dowager Marchioness of Bute 過世。後來, 這座房子仍然在第七任布特侯爵 7th Marquess of Bute 手中，他確保它得到維護，儘管沒有用作主要住所。

該房屋隨後被出售，並於 2007 年 7 月擱置了兩個拍賣日期。然而，由當時的威爾士親王殿下 HRH The Prince of Wales (現任英國國王 King Charles III) 領導的財團成功購買了房屋和里面的物品，並在這樣做的過程中挽救了鄧弗里斯故居，這是最受關注的房屋之一為國家收藏的格魯吉亞蘇格蘭和英國家具的重要收藏品。

在蘇格蘭 Dumfries House Trust 大管家的支持下，自 2018 年以來，王子基金會對場地和花園進行了改善，歷史悠久的附屬建築已恢復使用，莊園是一系列培訓機會的重點為年輕人和傳統技能和手工藝。 Dumfries House 的改造為當地因採煤業消亡而受到巨大影響的地區帶來了許多就業機會，並成為以遺產為主導的複興的典範。

Which of these gardens is located in Wales? Bodnant Garden