JC in UK 英倫生活記: Life in the UK Test -- 筆記, 心得 Part 19 其他著名人物

Life in the UK Test 有機會問, 但又難以分類的名人會放在這頁

Who developed important Economics ideas? Adam Smith

Adam Smith 蘇格蘭哲學家和經濟學家，他所著的《國富論 The Wealth of Nations 》成為了第一本試圖闡述歐洲產業和商業發展歷史的著作。這本書發展出了現代的經濟學學科，也提供了現代自由貿易、資本主義和自由意志主義的理論基礎。被譽為經濟學之父。

Adam Smith was among the first philosophers of his time to declare that wealth is created through productive labor, and that self-interest motivates people to put their resources to the best use. He argued that profits flowed from capital investments, and that capital gets directed to where the most profit can be made.

Who ordered to write the Book of Common Prayer? Edward VI

Book of Common Prayer (公禱書) 是聖公會的禮文書，同時也是普世聖公宗和各成員教會的法典。自1534年脫離羅馬教會至第一本《公禱書》出現之前，聖公會所有的儀式都沿用中古時代的彌撒模式以拉丁文進行。聖公會第一本《公禱書》於1549年寫成，不但用英文編寫，還有系統地編排經課表，從此成為崇拜時信徒認識信仰、一同敬拜、頌揚上主的工具。

The first prayer book, published in 1549 in the reign of King Edward VI of England, was a product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome. The work of 1549 was the first prayer book to include the complete forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in English.

The Book of Common Prayer has also influenced or enriched the liturgical language of most English-speaking Protestant churches. The First Prayer Book, enacted by the first Act of Uniformity of Edward VI in 1549, was prepared primarily by Thomas Cranmer, who became archbishop of Canterbury in 1533.

Who designed New Delhi to be the seat of government in India? Sir Edwin Lutyens In the 20th century, Sir Edwin Lutyens had an influence throughout the British Empire. He designed New Delhi to be the seat of government in India. He was responsible for many war memorials throughout the world, including the Cenotaph in Whitehall.

Who designed the Cenotaph? Sir Edwin Lutyens

What is Richard Arkwright remembered for? Efficiently running factories

Richard Arkwright (1732–92), devised a simple but remarkable spinning machine. Replacing the work of human hands, the water frame made it possible to spin cotton yarn more quickly and in greater quantities than ever before.

Which clan was killed because of not taking an oath? The MacDonalds of Glencoe

In August 1691 the government offered an indemnity to all chiefs who should take an oath of allegiance before January 1, 1692. “Letters of fire and sword,” authorizing savage attacks upon recalcitrants, were drawn up in anticipation of widespread refusals; the chiefs, however, took the oath. Alexander MacDonald of Glencoe postponed his submission until December 31, 1691, and was then unable to take his oath until January 6 because there was no magistrate at Fort William to receive it. Sir John Dalrymple, William’s secretary of state for Scotland, thereupon issued an order under the king’s signature for military punishment of the MacDonalds. More than 100 of Argyll’s soldiers, who had been quartered amicably upon the MacDonalds for more than a week, suddenly attacked them. Many of the clan escaped, but the chief, 33 other men, 2 women, and 2 children were killed. John Campbell, earl of Breadalbane and Holland, a neighbour and an enemy of the MacDonalds, was widely suspected of planning the attack but was not its main instigator; his imprisonment in 1695 was for earlier involvement with the Jacobites.

Which of the following was one of the commanders in the defeat of the Spanish Armada and one of the founders of England’s naval tradition? Sir Francis Drake

Who was one of the founders of England’s naval tradition? Sir Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake was an English explorer and privateer best known for his circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition between 1577 and 1580. This was the first English circumnavigation, and third circumnavigation overall. He is also known for participating in the early English slaving voyages of his cousin, Sir John Hawkins, and John Lovell. Having started as a simple seaman, in 1588 he was part of the fight against the Spanish Armada as a vice-admiral.

Drake's circumnavigation inaugurated an era of conflict with the Spanish and in 1585, the Anglo-Spanish War began. Drake was in command of an expedition to the Americas that attacked Spanish shipping and ports. When Philip II sent the Spanish Armada to England in 1588 as a precursor to its invasion, Drake was second-in-command of the English fleet that fought against and repulsed the Spanish fleet.

Where was Margaret Thatcher born? Lincolnshire

Margaret Thatcher LG OM PC FRS FRIC，英國政治家，1979年至1990年為英國首相，1975年至1990年為保守黨黨魁，是英國第一位女性首相，亦是20世紀英國連任時間最長的首相。

Margaret Thatcher was the daughter of a grocer from Grantham in Lincolnshire. She trained as a chemist and lawyer. She was elected as a Conservative MP in 1959 and became a cabinet minister in 1970 as the Secretary of State for Education and Science. In 1975 she was elected as Leader of the Conservative Party and so became Leader of the Opposition.

Following the Conservative victory in the General Election in 1979, Margaret Thatcher became the first woman Prime Minister of the UK. She was the longest-serving Prime Minister of the 20th century, remaining in Office until 1990. During her premiership, there were a number of important economic reforms within the UK. She worked closely with the United States President, Ronald Reagan, and was one of the first Western leaders to recognise and welcome the changes in the leadership of the Soviet Union which eventually led to the end of the Cold War.

Margaret Thatcher, Britain’s first woman Prime Minister, led the Conservative government from 1979 to 1990. The government made structural changes to the economy through the privatisation of nationalised industries and imposed legal controls on trade union powers. Deregulation saw a great increase in the role of the City of London as an international centre for investments, insurance and other financial services. Traditional industries, such as shipbuilding and coal mining, declined. In 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, a British overseas territory in the South Atlantic. A naval taskforce was sent from the UK and military action led to the recovery of the islands. John Major was Prime Minister after Mrs Thatcher, and helped establish the Northern Ireland peace process.

Who was William Wilberforce? A politician

William Wilberforce british politician, philanthropist and leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade, who led the parliamentary campaign against the slave trade and is generally recognised as the 'father' of the British abolitionist movement.

Who was R. A. Butler? Richard Austen Butler (later Lord Butler) was born in 1902. He became a Conservative MP in 1923 and held several positions before becoming responsible for education in 1941.

Who mapped the coast of Australia? James Cook

James Cook 海軍上校詹姆士·庫克，FRS，RN，人稱庫克船長，英國皇家海軍軍官、航海家、探險家、製圖師，他曾經三度奉命出海前往太平洋，帶領船員成為首批登陸澳洲東岸和夏威夷群島的歐洲人，也創下首次有歐洲船隻環繞紐西蘭航行的紀錄。

Where was Florence Nightingale born? Italy

Florence Nightingale OM RRC DStJ , born in Florence ,Italy, was an English social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organised care for wounded soldiers at Constantinople. She significantly reduced death rates by improving hygiene and living standards. Nightingale gave nursing a favourable reputation and became an icon of Victorian culture, especially in the persona of "The Lady with the Lamp" making rounds of wounded soldiers at night.

Who developed important Human Nature ideas? David Hume

David Hume was a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, librarian, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism. Beginning with A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40), Hume strove to create a naturalistic science of man that examined the psychological basis of human nature. Hume argued against the existence of innate ideas, positing that all human knowledge derives solely from experience. This places him with Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and George Berkeley as an empiricist.

Where was Emmeline Pankhurst born? Manchester

Emmeline Pankhurst was brought up in a politically active family. She became involved in women's suffrage in 1880 and formed the Women's Social & Political Union (WSPU) when her local branch of the Independent Labour Party refused to admit women members.

Emmeline Pankhurst是一位英國活躍政治家和積極推動英國婦女獲得投票權的婦女運動的領袖。儘管在爭取婦女權利運動過程中，她所領導的「婦女社會政治聯盟」採取的過激行爲遭到指責，但她和她的同事們爲此所付出的努力和代價無疑是為英國婦女贏得了參政權利的一個不可忽視的重要因素。 2002年，她入選英國廣播公司的「百名英國歷史偉人」。

Who was responsible for the construction of the Great Western Railway? Isambard Kingdom Brunel

Isambard Kingdom Brunel FRS MInstCE was a British civil engineer and mechanical engineer, who is considered "one of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history", "one of the 19th-century engineering giants", and "one of the greatest figures of the Industrial Revolution, who changed the face of the English landscape with his groundbreaking designs and ingenious constructions". Brunel built dockyards, the Great Western Railway (GWR), a series of steamships including the first purpose-built transatlantic steamship, and numerous important bridges and tunnels. His designs revolutionised public transport and modern engineering.

Though Brunel's projects were not always successful, they often contained innovative solutions to long-standing engineering problems. During his career, Brunel achieved many engineering firsts, including assisting his father in the building of the first tunnel under a navigable river (the River Thames) and the development of the SS Great Britain, the first propeller-driven, ocean-going iron ship, which, when launched in 1843, was the largest ship ever built.

On the GWR, Brunel set standards for a well-built railway, using careful surveys to minimise gradients and curves. This necessitated expensive construction techniques, new bridges, new viaducts, and the two-mile-long (3.2 km) Box Tunnel. One controversial feature was the "broad gauge" of 7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm), instead of what was later to be known as "standard gauge" of 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm). He astonished Britain by proposing to extend the GWR westward to North America by building steam-powered, iron-hulled ships. He designed and built three ships that revolutionised naval engineering: the SS Great Western (1838), the SS Great Britain (1843), and the SS Great Eastern (1859).

Which British Prime Minister nationalized major industries including coal and steel? Clement Attlee

Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC, FRS，英國政治家，1945年大選帶領工黨取得壓倒性勝利，並意外地擊倒在第二次世界大戰領導英國的邱吉爾，出任英國首相一職。艾德禮是工黨首位能夠度過一個國會會期，並能在國會擁有多數優勢的首相。在艾德禮政府的帶動下，英國在戰後走入了「戰後共識」的階段。

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